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Tornado.io – The Game 3D v2.1.3 (Mod Apk Money) – ZIPPYSHARE submitted by Edited in some places for clarity, to better align with the original intent of the post, and add references where warranted. These are not hard and fast rules, but lessons learned over years of reading, testing, and in some cases, failing. The intended audience are those who want to build a NAS, utilize ZFS, and wish to save money wherever possible without sacrificing too much in terms of performance or reliability. As always, there will be a trade off. I do not have the time nor effort to elaborate on every situation, scenario, and configuration. I only wish to give my experience and how that has influenced my decisions. Here are a few things that I learned the hard way over my years of building and using DIY NASes with ZFS in my home. I hope my pain and wasteful spending will help your build be less painful and help you same some money.
Consider your use case
For most DIY NAS builders, I can reasonably assume that the NAS being built will be used for three purposes. In order they are: 1. Storage primarily movies, TV shows, music files for use as a home media server. 2.
The second most popular use use case would be as storage for a home lab. (Consider SSDs instead of HDDs for this. I won't go into performance optimization in this post.) 3. The third use case would be to archive niche data from the far corners of the internet.
In any of these three use cases, the data being stored is important enough to invest significant time, effort, and money to store and backup. While a total loss of this data would certainly be a significant loss, it would not be a life altering event. Critical data like business documents or "life event" personal and family documents should be stored on professional equipment which is managed by professionals/experts.
Risk tolerance will vary
I know some of the tips below will be controversial. The purists will probably scoff and stomp and noses will be turned up. Everyone has a different risk tolerance. You, and only you, can determine the risks involved with implementing some of these tips and weigh those with your tolerance of those risks. Every person and every situation/use case will be different.
Always! Always! Always! Have a Backup of Your Data
You do not need to have a complicated or fancy backup system. Your backup system can be a loose collection of mismatched USB hard drives, USB sticks, and DVDs. You need to have another full, separate copy of your data
somehow. Period. Full stop. Bob's your uncle.
- Data redundancy configurations (i.e. RAIDZ) and ZFS snapshots do not protect from mistakes or human error
There are very few systems or configurations that you can reasonably have in a DIY NAS or home environment that will protect you from user error. It is not very difficult to click the wrong button or type the wrong command that would cause unrecoverable data loss. There should always be a separate and full copy of your data in case something happens that would require a full restore of all data.
- Backups give you flexibility for the future
Very few people can reasonably predict what your data needs will be years from now. Having a reliable backup system can free you to rebuild or expand your NAS storage whenever you want to. You could run into a situation where you would want to redo your ZFS pool configuration due to not enough or too much redundancy. I feel like too much redundancy could possibly waste money.
- Critical documents should be backed up in multiple different places
For digital documents, I recommend a cloud service like OneDrive, DropBox, Google Drive, BackBlaze, etc. They are simple enough for most people to use and you can be very confident that your data is safe and stored in multiple data centers in geographically disperse locations. Documents are usually small in size and should not cost much, if any, to store in the cloud.
Documents related to my personal data are the most valuable bits of data that I have and are 100% non-replaceable. If my house burns down in a fiery blaze, or I need to hop a plane to Timbuktu tomorrow, I can still retrieve my personal documents from a cloud service with reasonable confidence that they are safe and secure.
Have a hard copy of all important documents in a fireproof and waterproof safe or safe deposit box. Hard copies, properly stored, will last a very long time.
Choosing the right hardware will save you $$$
Almost everyone's storage needs will increase over time. If you keep that simple fact at the front of your mind you will (hopefully) not waste significant amounts of money when building and upgrading your DIY NAS.
Do not buy the same hardware twice
The first lesson I learned building DIY NASes is to buy hardware that I can use in the future when it is time to upgrade the NAS capacity. Buying the same piece of hardware twice is a definite waste of money.
RAM, HDDs, and even HBAs or SATA cards can be added to the NAS when it comes time to upgrade. Adding, not replacing, is the general rule to bear in mind which will save money in the future.
- Power Supply
The price of a PSU that is just enough to power all of your hard drives in the initial build is not very different from one that will power all Otherwise you will have to buy another PSU when it comes time to add more HDDs. You could turn around and sell the old PSU online, but I found it much easier, simpler, and more cost efficient to buy the bigger PSU up front.
- Computer Case
Similarly to the power supply, buy a computer case that has plenty of places to mount HDDs. The price difference between a case that holds 2x-3x the amount of HDDs of the initial build is well worth not having to buy and new case, transfer all the components to the new case, and sell or repurpose the old case.
Last gen hardware is preferable to save $$$
A DIY NAS does not need to be very powerful. More often than not, used, last generation hardware will perform with similar reliability and performance from new, current hardware.
The exception for the three use cases mentioned before would be a home lab. A home lab would require a decent amount of compute resources for virtualization. In this case, I would still build a NAS on last generation hardware and have a separate machine for virtualization. Separating the two elements would allow for greater flexibility when it comes time to upgrade or make major component changes.
- Search online markets for used and last-gen hardware for savings
I think this will go without saying, but find computer parts online, second-hand will be much cheaper than buying everything new. Conduct an exhaustive search of online markets before buying something new.
- Use old NAS hardware for backup
Once I built a new NAS, I used the, perfectly good, hardware from my old NAS to create a backup NAS. The PSU, CPU, and RAM were
A NAS used solely for backups is a much easier solution. While I don't have the simplicity of being able to plugin a USB HDD and run a copy command, a backup NAS is better for larger storage arrays and is able to take advantage of snapshots among other ZFS features.
Be careful buying used enterprise hardware
It is tempting to buy used enterprise hardware in order to save money. Old enterprise equipment can be obtained fairly cheap and often less than building a NAS from commodity parts. Unless you are very familiar with enterprise server and storage equipment, avoid buying it.
- They run loud and hot
Rack mounted equipment is designed to trade-off compactness (to save rack space) with loudness. Unless you have someplace far away in the house from people, it will usually be too loud for most people to handle. The tiny fans are surprisingly loud are super annoying outside of a data center. Sticking it in a closet will not allow for the proper air flow and it will run hot.
- Enterprise hardware is often proprietary
Propriety hardware like Dell-EMC or HP branded equipment is incompatible with other brands. For example, I obtained a Dell HBA that would recognize, but refused to accept anything other than Dell branded HDDs. The card was now useless and I had to return the card. I then bought a compatible HBA and ran into the next problem:
- Avoid SAS to be safe
SAS and SATA drives may seem similar to those uninitiated, but they are not. Unless you 1) know what you are doing and 2) have a good reason to use a SAS, it is safer to just use SATA for everything.
1. [Connector types](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI#Connectors) can be confusing SATA drives can be connected to a SAS backplane and use SAS cables, but SAS drives cannot use SATA connectors/cables. "Mini-SAS" can have a few different meanings. It could be SFF-8470, SFF-8643, SAS SFF-8087 or something else. Similarly, SATA > SAS or SAS > SATA breakout cables can be confusing, but it generally works like: * When connecting a SATA drive to a SAS controller on the card/motherboard, use a __forward__ breakout cable. * When the motherboard/host controller is SATA and the backplane has a SAS connector, use a __reverse__ breakout cable. But this will only work if the controller is compatible with SAS drives. 2. Spin faster SAS drives are commonly spinning around 7.2K - 10K RPM. SATA drives spin at 5600 or 7200 RPM. While faster drives are usually better performers, a home NAS does need the extra speed IMO. Most people will not notice a difference. 3. Consume more electricity Using SAS drives will suck up more electricity than SATA. It is not needed. Save the money and the environment and stick with SATA. 4. Run much warmer Because they spin faster they are much warmer. Warmer drives may have to require special cooling. 5. Are louder Because they spin faster, they are louder. It adds to the overall noise and can be unbearable if the NAS is stored anywhere near where people live.
Hard Disk Drives
- Not necessary to buy NAS-ready HDDs
Purpose built NAS drives (e.g. non-SMR WD Reds, Seagate IronWolfs, or HGST DeskStars) are obviously going to perform better and be more reliable than drives that are not purpose built. This isn't debatable. What is debatable is whether or not they are worth the extra costs. HDDs are going to be the biggest expense in a NAS, so it is the biggest way to save money.
Shuckables seem to be the best bang for your buck. Shuckables are external USB HDDs like WD EasyStore or WD Elements. Shucking is where the drive is removed from the outer casing. Most people are satisfied with the performance and reliability of the drives compared with the cheaper price. Caveat: the exact drive that is contained inside is unknowable, but most drives are quality drives.
You can use desktop drives. I still have a WD Green 4TB HDD in my pool that was manufactured in 2011 and it is still chugging along just fine. Every drive is different, but the example shows that you can have a non-NAS drive in your NAS pool and it performs just fine and is reliable over time.
- Dirty Little Secret
Some of my HDD tips may seem like they sacrifice performance, reliability, and longevity of HDDs to save some money. A good number of knowledgeable, experienced people will say that you should never do that. They are somewhat right. Do you want to know my dirty little secret? I am perfectly, 100% happy doing just that. About 90% of the replaced drives in my NASes were not due to disk failure, but my desire to increase capacity of the vdevs in my ZFS pools before my drives ever reached the end of their life. I usually replace drives in a vdev with higher capacity drives about every two to three years to increase the total capacity of the vdev and, therefore, the total capacity of the pool. I do not need to spend extra money on a drive that lasts six years if I am going to replace it in three.
I am essentially using the BackBlaze playbook when buying HDDs for my NAS. That is: determining a price, per terabyte, per year of reliability. Those three factors determine which HDD to buy. Analyze all three factors before buying a HDD for your NAS.
Side note: One particular model that I purchased had an abnormally high failure rate. I consider this incident an Act of God and does not affect my approach to buying HDDs.
- Never buy used HDDs
The actual wear and tear on a used HDD is unknowable. It is possible to gather data from the drive to estimate usage, but it is usually not worth the risk to buy used HDDs. If you just happen upon a number of newer, really cheap second hard drives, than maybe take a chance, but I would expect to be replacing many drives in the near future.
Networking equipment
Here is the thing that is not talked about too much when it comes to DIY NASes. This is the "N" part of NAS. To put it frankly, gigabit networking equipment is pretty much standard. The networking capability will be the bottleneck when it comes to NAS performance. 10 gig is most likely too expensive for home use and fast ethernet (100Mb/s) is kinda old and isn't found on hardware much. If you have a gigabit switch and NIC, you should be alright. Just ensure that you have a minimum of gigabit capability on every hop between the devices on your network and your NAS.
Planning
- Flexibility is preferable
If I would have the choice between a pool consisting of one vdev in a RAID-Z2 (or 3) and two vdevs in a RAID-Z1, I would choose the 2x RAID-Z1 vdevs pool anytime. Why? Because it gives me flexibility. Don't forget that in order to upgrade a vdev, you have to replace
every drive in the vdev in order to upgrade the
entire vdev.
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